Furthermore, ECoG is unaffected by movement artifacts and allows for the measurement of higher-frequency activity, such as the high gamma-band (>70 Hz), as it is unfiltered by dura, skull and scalp tissues. Compared to surface electroencephalography (EEG), the superior decoding results of ECoG can be attributed to its millimeter-spatial and millisecond-temporal resolution ( Parvizi and Kastner, 2018).
Notably, BCIs based on electrocorticography (ECoG, Schalk and Leuthardt, 2011) have demonstrated reliable decoding of a number of cortical processes. This article provides an overview of sEEG technology, BCI-related research, and prospective future directions of sEEG for long-term BCI applications.īrain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs, Wolpaw et al., 2002) have rapidly advanced in recent years, employing a wide variety of communication and control paradigms ( Huggins et al., 2017). Additionally, the success of the related deep-brain stimulation (DBS) implants bodes well for the potential for chronic sEEG applications. Despite the overlapping clinical application and recent progress in decoding of ECoG for Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs), sEEG has thus far received comparatively little attention for BCI decoding.
The implanted electrodes generally provide a sparse sampling of a unique set of brain regions including deeper brain structures such as hippocampus, amygdala and insula that cannot be captured by superficial measurement modalities such as electrocorticography (ECoG). It is most commonly used in the identification of epileptogenic zones in cases of refractory epilepsy. Stereotactic electroencephalogaphy (sEEG) utilizes localized, penetrating depth electrodes to measure electrophysiological brain activity.
2ASPEN Lab, Biomedical Engineering Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States.1Department of Neurosurgery, School of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.
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